How to Live in a Flat? Heath Robinson Knows!

Housing is important in maintaining and improving public health, as well as quality of life and wellbeing for all. As well as dangers to physical health such as damp, excessive heat and cold, and hygiene, poor quality housing also impacts on mental health and wellbeing because people need space, light, security, privacy and quiet. The thinking on housing and wellbeing has been developing over the last 100 years. The focus on morality and basic health concerns in the nineteenth century was replaced in the early twentieth century by broader concerns for wellbeing. For example, The Complete House Book of 1937 pointed out that ‘Insufficient lighting was is not only depressing and a strain on the eyes, but can also cause worse trouble; headaches, indigestion, general lassitude and irritation can often be traced to it’.

Once Britain had recovered from the First World War and the depression, there was a boom in house-building in the 1930s and the clearance of slums was a priority. Although the new homes were often smaller than those built before the war, an increase in flat-dwelling promised to bring exciting new developments in modern urban living. In the Victorian era living in a flat was looked down upon because of the association with working-class tenements. However, such prejudices broke down in the inter-war years, so much so that in 1934 the journal Building devoted its August issue to flat design.

Features of privately built flats in the 1930s included things like bay windows – regarded as important to distinguish privately owned flats from council flats, which at the time did not have bay windows. They also made rooms appear larger, gave residents better views and admitted more light to rooms, which was a very important consideration in modern architecture at the time. In the title How to Live in a Flat you will see that Heath Robinson draws his blocks of flats as lovely Art Deco buildings with clean lines and the large steel-framed windows that were popular at the time.

Flat design also took into account the radical transition from living in a house with servants to living without the support system that had been a feature of home life for everyone except the very poorest for centuries. Modern technology helped to make this easier with things like communal hot water systems. As Leslie Hoskins, curator of the Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture, told The Daily Telegraph in 2003:

There was still a notion that the most desirable way to live was in a house with servants. It was to counteract this idea that brochures for 1930s flats all talked up the modern comforts and amenities on offer. Great emphasis was placed on the fact that blocks of flats provided round-the-clock hot water – which was something you'd only get in a house if you had a maid who kept the boiler constantly stoked.

A communal hot water system was also designed to show that living in a flat could represent a move upmarket, something that developers were keen to emphasise to counter the prevailing prejudice against living in a flat.

Serviced flats were common too as a way of providing an alternative to a full coterie of servants. For example, The Isokon building in Hampstead, London, is a concrete block of 34 flats that was designed by architect Wells Coates for Molly and Jack Pritchard and which opened in 1934. The flats were an experiment in minimalist urban living. Most of the flats had very small kitchens as there was a large communal kitchen for the preparation of meals, connected to the residential floors via a dumb waiter. Services, including laundry and shoe-shining, were provided on site.
    

The Isokon Building

The main entrance of the Isokon Building                                            

Furniture too was designed specifically to make living in a small space easier. Drop-leaf and gate-leg tables, which date back to the sixteenth-century, are a testament to the historic lack of space in British homes. In the 1930s flat the nest of tables became popular. In fact, this concept of things stacking away or folding up was close to the hearts of 1930s interior designers, as demonstrated by such remarkable gadgets as the 10-way settee, the night-time dressing table which transformed into a daytime desk and the four-seater dining table which could be packed away inside a sideboard.
All of these developments are caricatured by William Heath Robinson and K. R. G. Browne in How to Live in a Flat. Indeed in the Introduction the authors specifically refer to the scarcity of servants, which they give as one reason why people feel they have to move into a flat. However, what Heath Robinson is best known for are his solutions to every-day problems and he is on top form in this book with his contraptions and devices designed to help with life in a very small space. Thus we have the Heath Robinson Dibedroom – a combined dining and bedroom achieved by moving a wall:

Another proposed solution, similar to the dressing table/desk combo mentioned above, is Heath Robinson’s combined bath and writing desk for business men - not only space-saving but time-saving too!:

Recently there have been several newspaper articles about tiny studio flats being sold and rented for outrageous prices. It seems we are living in ‘rabbit-hutch Britain’. The RIBA says that new-build British homes are the smallest in Europe and the average home is now just 925 square feet – barely half the size they were in the 1920s.One thing that certainly doesn't help is that Britain is the only country in Europe to sell houses based on the number of bedrooms and not on the square footage. In 1967-9 minimum space standards (the Parker Morris Standard) were introduced but these standards were scrapped by Margaret Thatcher in 1980. Since then there has been increasing concern about the harm that lack of space in the home can cause; small may be beautiful - but not if you have to live in it. Therefore, How to Live in a Flat is surprisingly relevant to life in Britain in 2014. In fact, several of Heath Robinson’s space-economising solutions have been used in practice to maximise the use of space in small flats. We have beds that fold down from wardrobes fully-made and ready to sleep in, communal rubbish shoots, central heating and multi-purpose furniture. So Heath Robinson was way ahead of his time and reading Howto Live in a Flat may spark other innovative solutions to making life bearable in a tiny twenty-first century home!

Heath Robinson - ‘I really have a secret satisfaction in being considered rather mad’

RHE Media is very proud to announce the imminent publication of five new titles in the Vintage Words of Wisdom series (keep an eye on the ‘What’s new’ page and the Home page for further details). These are all illustrated by William Heath Robinson with text by KRG Browne:

·         Humours of Golf

·         How to Live in a Flat

·         How to be a Perfect Husband

·         How to Make a Garden Grow

·         How to be a Motorist

Heath Robinson drew simple contraptions that offered solutions to problems that many people encountered in everyday life. You could say that he mostly found solutions for problems that didn't really exist and created inventions for needs and wants people didn't know they had. However, even today, who could argue with the challenges faced by those who live in tiny flats, the problems resulting from garden pests and the difficulties encountered by newly-weds setting up life together? Many of the issues addressed by Heath Robinson are surprisingly still relevant and resonant in the twenty-first century. His inventions designed to leap such lifestyle hurdles as learning to drive, choosing a mate or living in a flat with no soundproofing will strike a chord with many living in the modern world. Heath Robinson is also very concerned with recycling and upcycling everyday items when designing his devices – something very familiar to those who love repurposing vintage items today.

Of course, to Heath Robinson the 1920s and 30s period was a very modern world. For example, owning a car was only recently within reach of a large proportion of the population and the Road Traffic Act of 1934 introduced the compulsory driving test for the first time. The 1930s saw a significant increase in the number of flats and apartments built in Britain so living in a flat in a high-rise building was a novel experience for many people. The period after the First World War also saw considerable social change and this too is reflected in the Heath Robinson titles – the changing role of women, the decline in the employment of household servants, an enthusiasm for fresh air and keeping fit and, given the economic depression in the early 1930s, a prevailing obsession with cost-saving and financial prudence are all underlying themes that appear in Heath Robinson’s drawings and K. R. G. Browne’s text.

The keep fit and fresh air craze that emerged post World War One (exemplified by the 1933 song Keep Young and Beautiful by Abe Lyman - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TT2FFfzpzY0 ) is also covered by Heath Robinson in his book Humours of Golf. Geoffrey Beare, Trustee of the William Heath Robinson Trust, has kindly written the forewords for our Heath Robinson titles. Of Humours of Golf he writes:

Heath Robinson’s drawings frequently took the sports that interested the upper classes as their subject – hunting, fishing, tennis, winter sports and most often golf. In 1923 the publisher Methuen proposed that Heath Robinson’s golfing subjects should be collected in a separate volume and the book was published as The Humours of Golf in time for the Christmas market, with an introduction by Bernard Darwin, the leading golf writer of the day. Heath Robinson made a number of small line drawings on golfing subjects that were added at intervals through the book. The fact that he did not play the game himself allowed him to see its more ridiculous aspects.

On the other hand, Heath Robinson reflects aspects of the British character that could be regarded as timeless. After all, an obsession with gadgets, inventions created in sheds from collecting ‘things that might be useful one day’ and ‘sledgehammer to crack a nut’ solutions have appeared time and again throughout British history. The eccentric inventor crops up frequently in both fiction and fact. Heath Robinson himself said: ‘I really have a secret satisfaction in being considered rather mad’. From Caractacus and Grandpa Potts in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang to Wallace and Gromit, from ‘Q’ in the Bond films to the bizarre inventions that appeared in the early days of rail and air travel (described beautifully in our titles The Railway Age and The Boys’ Book of Aeroplanes) – we have a proud tradition of ingenuity and problem-solving that, though often apparently potty, is actually widely respected and admired around the world.This is because the drive to invent solutions to problems often does, eventually, produce some impressive and genuinely useful results. Indeed there are many germs of genius in Heath Robinson’s designs. For example, using grey water (i.e. bath water) to water the garden is now incorporated into the design of eco-homes. Other examples include chairs that help you get to your feet, machines for making coffee and contraptions for keeping cats off carefully prepared seed beds. These and many other ideas suggest that, far from being crazy, Heath Robinson was often way ahead of his time!

Many of Heath Robinson’s inventions involve one vital component – string. Indeed, in How to be a Motorist, K. R. G. Browne acknowledges the crucial role string plays where motor cars are concerned:

The reader who has kept his head and reached this point without succumbing to ennui, sleep, or a craving to go to the movies, will have realized, we hope, that the intelligent use of string can do much to improve the appearance and performance of any motor car. Where no string is available, twine, tape, or even plaited bimbo-grass (which grows only on the Patagonian plains in alternate Leap Years) can be utilized instead; but the principle – “a knot here, a knot there, and save what’s left over” – remains the same.

Keen string-fanciers to a man, Mr. Heath Robinson and I hold pretty strong views about this valuable, inexpensive and under-estimated commodity. And if our joint efforts to make Britain thoroughly string conscious meet with only half the success they deserve, we shall feel that we have not half-lived in vain.

I have my own reasons to be thankful for the existence of string. In my early days as a motorist I was the proud owner of a Triumph Toledo. This classic of its kind was named Sybil (because her number plate began SYB and ended with an ‘L’). She served me well as a first car but she did have a distressing tendency to break down at crucial moments. On one occasion the brakes failed as I was approaching a large and busy roundabout, another time the clutch gave out as I was driving along a very icy road, but the most memorable break down occurred on the M5. I was playing a game of tag with a minibus full of rugby players (yes, I was a young and foolish girl!) – they would overtake me with much rowdy glee and then I would overtake them when I could with a cheerful toot on Sybil’s horn. However, all the enthusiastic overtaking was too much for Sybil’s rather matronly workings and the accelerator cable snapped. Luckily I was in the slow lane at the time so I ignominiously limped on to the hard shoulder, much to the amusement of the rugby players who sped past without showing one jot of concern for my plight. At the time I was not a member of the AA or the RAC so I had to walk to the emergency phone and plead with the person on the line to contact a local garage. Luckily someone was willing to come and rescue me and, sometime later, a tow truck arrived.

The garage man started rummaging about in Sybil’s innards and saw immediately that the problem was a broken linkage in the accelerator cable. He popped his head up over the bonnet and asked me if I had a piece of string. Luckily, being a good Girl Guide, I was prepared and I had a piece of string in the glove compartment. I handed it over and a few minutes later the garage man called me over to show me what he had done. Basically, he had used the string to tie the two ends of the accelerator cable together. When I expressed some doubt and concern about his fix, he told me that his solution was good enough to get me off the motorway and the rest of the way home. He was absolutely right – Sybil made it to my parents’ house with no further trouble and Dad and I went to the local junk yard the next day to find a suitable linkage to mend the accelerator cable properly, which we did. So, I had much cause to be thankful for string and I too think it is a much underrated commodity. I like to think that Heath Robinson would have been proud to see string play such an important role in my rescue!

Thus, if you live in a flat, are a keen gardener, play golf, drive a car and/or are married (and many of us are and do) you will find that Heath Robinson and K. R. G. Browne have many valuable and relevant words of wisdom for you, even though their books were written nearly 100 years ago. Heath Robinson’s drawings are, of course, also very funny and K. R. G. Browne’s text is an amusing accompaniment; they obviously worked extremely well together. For further useful advice you might also turn to our titles on Room and Window Gardening (ideal if you live in a flat), Poultry Keeping (also, according to Heath Robinson in How to Live in a Flat, useful for flat-dwellers!), and Ferns and Fern Culture if you are a keen gardener. For more on Heath Robinson I can recommend this BBC programme https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMqjyynNYaM